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Secolul conspiratiilor |
Ce citim |
Scris de Ninel Ganea |
Luni, 20 Mai 2013 22:54 |
Una din metodele infailibile de a te compromite intelectual (si moral) este apelul la “teoria conspiratiei”. Nu este prima oara cand ma preocupa subiectul, insa, recent, luand parte la o dezbatere pe o tema apropiata, alaturi de cateva persoane foarte serioase, am constatat ca fiecare avea destule ezitari in a atinge aceasta problema. Exista, pe buna dreptate, pana la un anumit punct, teama de ridicol. Internetul este astazi intesat de conspiratii aiuritoare, asa ca nu e o treaba foarte usoara sa patrunzi dincolo de verbiajul obositor al conspirationistilor de duzina. Totusi, explicarea unor evenimente istorice prin fenomenul societatilor secrete si al practicilor oculte nu reprezinta doar privilegiul dezaxatilor, dincolo de justetea teoretica a acestui tip de interpretari, privite din perspectiva unei antropologii crestine. Aceasta idee era, in buna masura, comuna pentru protomoderni. Iata, de pilda, ce spunea Adam Smith despre capitalisti: “people of the same trade seldom meet together, even for merriment and diversion, but the conversation ends in a conspiracy against the public, or in some contrivance to raise prices. It is impossible indeed to prevent such meetings, by any law which either could be executed, or would be consistent with liberty and justice. But though the law cannot hinder people of the same trade from sometimes assembling together, it ought to do nothing to facilitate such assemblies; much less to render them necessary.” Celor care au in minte recentul scandal Libor cuvintele lui Adam Smith le pot parea profetice. Insa teoria cu pricina poate fi intalnita si la spirite mai putin inclinate spre chestiuni economice, precum Goethe, ori in romane foarte solide. De exemplu, “Anii de ucenicie ai lui Wilhelm Meister” este, pe langa povestea tipica de formare a unei personalitati, o metafora foarte explicita despre rolul societatilor secrete in destinul indivizilor. “Demonii” lui Dostoiesvsky descrie, in primul rand, procesul de rasturnare a unei societati cu susul in jos de catre o mica mana de conspiratori nihilisti. Rudyar Kipling atinge si el, in cateva povestiri, una dintre ele ecranizata la Holywood, problema organizatiilor oculte, privite dintr-o perspectiva favorabila de aceasta data. Mai aproape de noi, C.S. Lewis, autor de succes si profesor de literatura medievala si renascentista la Cambridge University, a dedicat mult spatiu, in opera sa, acestui subiect. Romanul clasic il constituie “That Hideous Strenght”, dar o analiza foarte buna a fenomenului conspirativ este pusa in evidenta intr-un eseu intitulat “The Inner Ring”. Exemplele literare pot continua, insa ceea ce ma intereseaza pe mine in continuare este o scurta bibilografie istorica - stiintifica deci - dedicata fenomenelor revolutionare din secolul XIX, care ar trebui sa evapore orice urma de stanjeneala in privinta acestui subiect. James Billington, “Fire in the minds of men”. Cartea isi propune, si cred ca reuseste, sa demonstreze cum majoritatea miscarilor revolutionare moderne au fost inspirate mai putin de rationalismul iluminist francez, cat de ocultismul provenit pe filiera germana, cu o influenta covarsitoare venita din partea Iluminatilor bavarezi. Billington, profesor la Harvard si Princeton University, marturiseste, in randurile tratatului sau de aproape 700 de pagini, insuficienta cercetarilor realizate din aceasta perspectiva: “the story of secret societies can never be fully reconstructed, but it has been badly neglected – even avoided, one suspects – because the evidence that is available repeatedly leads us into territory equally uncongenial to modern historians in the East and in the West”. O buna parte din teza lui Billington este sustinuta si Dave Thomson, profesor la Cambridge, in “Europe since Napoleon”, care subliniaza rolul proeminent jucat de societatile secrete, Carbonarii de pilda, in revolutiile primei jumatati a secolului XIX. Reinhart Koselleck, “Critique and Crisis, Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society”. Koselleck, unul din cei mai mari istorici germani ai secolului trecut, a spart gheata in privinta studiilor de anvergura despre faimoasa conspiratie a lui Adam Wieshaupt. Potrivit lui Koselleck, societatile secrete, si in special Iluminati, au aparut in golul lasat de separarea functiei religioase (morale) de cea politica in statul modern. Aspiratiile ocultisitilor tindeau, in ultima instanta, spre abolirea completa a statului (inteles ca monarhie absoluta) si instaurarea unei utopii egalitariste, desi ordinul ramanea profund ierarhizat. Anthony Sutton, “America’s Secret Establishment”. Sutton, profesor de economie la California State University si cercetator al Hoover Institute, a fost primul care a documentat implicarea puternica a bancilor de pe Wall Street in finantarea atat a nazismului, cat si a comunismului. Nedumerit cu privire la rolul jucat de corporatiile financiare in promovarea totalitarismelor de sec. XX, Sutton ofera un raspuns aproape definitiv in cartea amintita, unde pune in evidenta rolul disproportionat jucat in politica americana de societatea secreta de la Yale, Skull&Bones. Toate aceste cercetari i-au adus lui Sutton o marginalizare previzibila, desi tezele sale nu au fost contestate. Richard Pipes, unul din specialistii reputati in sovietologie, profesor la Harvard, avea sa declare urmatoarele: “In his three-volume detailed account of Soviet Purchases of Western Equipment and Technology ... Sutton comes to conclusions that are uncomfortable for many businessmen and economists. For this reason his work tends to be either dismissed out of hand as 'extreme' or, more often, simply ignored.” Nicholas Till, “Mozart and the Enlightment”. Cartea lui Till ofera, pe langa interpretari proaspete, dar pline de substanta ale operelor lui Mozart, o istorie intelectuala fascinanta a sec. XVIII, a luptelor de idei din interiorul Imperiului Habsburgic si a contextului cultural, social si politic in care a creat compozitorul jalonat de ideile radicale ale Iluminismului francez si de influenta discreta a Iluminatilor bavarezi. Murray Rothbard, “Wall Street Banks, and the American Foreign Policy”. Rothbard, profesor de economie la University of Nevada, descrie rolul jucat de elitele financiare, in special familia Morgan, in promovarea Primului Razboi Mondial, prin intermediul conexiunilor politice si al controlului exercitat asupra Sistemului Rezervelor Federale. Cartea nu se concentreaza doar asupra umbrelor lasate de J.P. Morgan, si, inevitatbil in scena isi fac aparitia si suspectii de serviciu principali: familia Rockefeller. Cred ca aceasta lista, fara indoiala, sumara poate oferi un bun inceput pentru cei care vor sa studieze mai aprofundat rolul jucat de diverse conspiratii in evenimente istorice subsantiale. In acelasi timp, ar trebui sa indeparteze orice suspiciune de neseriozitate cu privire la astfel de indeletniciri. |